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Curative health care & training
It started in October 1992, as a pilot project: 2 physio clinics were opened and doctors were trained on the spot. Following a positive evaluation in December 1993, the programme extended. In total, 65 physio clinics in 13 different counties of 6 prefectures were set up in 28 communities and 37 villages.
The main objectives of the programme were to decrease and treat the severe handicap of patients suffering of Kashin-Beck disease (KBD) and to introduce a new technique to the health workers and to train them.
Since November 93, several training courses had been organised in Lhasa for all the doctors. In total, 92 doctors of different levels were given the training. Most of them were village or community doctors, but also doctors of county and prefecture level were trained.
Every clinic received standard equipment, bought or locally made. In some villages, small clinics were build with the direct collaboration of the villagers.
Physical therapy study
It started in April 93 and was planned for 4 years. The data collection ended in March 97.
The study had 2 main objectives:
- to demonstrate the impact of the physical therapy treatment on the handicap of the
people suffering from KBD
- to carry out a clinical and radiological description of this disease to complete the literature (never any study about KBD was carry out in Tibet).
Prevalence survey
The objective was to establish a map of KBD prevalence in the whole Tibet Autonomous Region. At present, all the endemic zones of KBD in T.A.R. are known and as well as the prevalence rate of almost each prefecture. These results were presented during the International Symposium on KBD and Related Disorders what took place in January 1999 in Beijing.
Epidemiological study
It was a study to confirm the 3 main risk factors described in the literature: selenium deficiency, the grains and their culture, the water. Six hundred children were enrolled in the study. They were from 5 to 15 years old, living in 12 rural villages of Lhasa prefecture.
* Selenium
Transversal study
The objectives were to characterize the KBD regarding its clinical, biochemical and radiological status and to identify KBD cases for a clinical trial of selenium supplementation.
Longitudinal study: Clinical trial of selenium supplementation
The objectives were to test the hypothesis of a relation between selenium deficiency and KBD. Following the results, to propose preventive measures.
* Grains and culture
The objectives were to test the hypothesis of a contamination of the grains during the harvest time and the storage period and to study the means of storage and the origin of the different grains. Following the results, to propose a preventive programme.
* Water
The objective was to verify the hypothesis that water is a risk factor for KBD because of organic materials (fulvic acid), some oligo-elements and minerals.
Prevention trial
Given the high public health impact of the disease in rural Tibet, and based on previous findings, it was hypothesised that a comprehensive prevention programme focused on a combination of defence and noxious factors will result in significant decrease of KBD in affected areas:
- reducing fungal contamination of grains: optimal drying of grains before storage, improve storage conditions, seeds and plants disinfection
- monitored iodine supplementation, in addition to the national iodine supplementation programme
- antioxidant therapy : Vitamin C, Vitamin E, selenium supplementation as a combination
- reducing organic content in drinking water : health education with regard to the use of drinking water from brooks or irrigation channels and to the use of appropriate water storage containers
The aim of this project was to assess the efficacy of different combinations of preventive measures on the evolution of KBD. It was implemented on the field the last 4 years (1998 – 2002).
Results
* Clinical and radiological signs of KBD increase with the age. The most frequent clinical signs are joint deformities and pain. Later on, there is also a mobility restriction, which can be very severe. The most affected joints are the ankles, the elbows and the knees.
* Selenium deficiency is extremely severe for the children but does not allow explaining the difference between cases and non-cases. The results of the selenium supplementation do not show any effect on the main symptoms and signs of Kashin-Beck either on growth or thyroid function once iodine deficiency has been corrected.
* All the children are also severely iodine deficient. KBD is correlated with this deficiency.
* Concerning the grains, there is a very strong correlation between the presence of 3 fungi in the barley grains and the KBD.
There are 3 critical periods for the fungal contamination:
- during the growth period of the plants, fungal contamination can occurred by infected seeds or by the field itself.
- during the harvest time, when the bundles remain on the fields
- after the harvest time, during the dryness of the grains, when they will be stored in bags.
Families with KBD have a higher % of dark barley grains in the samples collected in their houses, indicating a possible role of barley varieties; some varieties may be more sensitive to fungal contamination.
* Concerning the water, the KBD families use more frequently smaller water containers. The organic content (TOC) of the water in these containers was significantly higher than TOC in larger containers, suggesting that smaller containers do not allow sufficient time to deposit of organic matter.
* Children from families with higher income and higher access to different nutrients are relatively protected from the disease, probably reflecting the access to more diversified food and possibly other oxidants nutrients such as vitamin C or E.
In conclusion, the findings are compatible with the multifactorial environmental theory.
Part of these results, with more details, are published in different scientific reviews. If you want to read more: see § Publications |
